Tables
Table 1. Emissions from a high-pressure, direct gasification system 2-11 Table 2. Performance and costs Table 3. Resource Table 1. Biomass power plant gaseous and particulate emissions 2-25 Table 2. Performance and costs Table 3. Feedstock Table 4. Resource Table 1. Previous, existing, or planned biomass co-firing applications 2-39 Table 2. Performance and cost indicators Table 3. Gaseous, liquid, and solid effluents Table 4. Resource Table 1. Environmental impacts of geothermal flashed steam...
Initial System Application Hybrid Plants
To reduce the financial risk associated with the deployment of a new power plant technology and to lower the cost o f delivering solar power, initial commercial-scale gt 30 MW e power towers will likely be hybridized with conventiona l fossil-fired plants. Many hybridization options are possible with natural gas combined-cycle and coal-fired or oil-fired Rankine plants. One opportunity for hybrid integration with a combined cycle is depicted in Figure 4. In a hybrid plant, the solar energy can...
References Seg
1. Status Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants, Pilkington Solar International 1996. Report ISBN 3-9804901-0-6. 2. Assessment of Solar Thermal Trough Power Plant Technology and Its Transferability to the Mediterranean Region - Final Report, Flachglas Solartechnik GMBH, for European Commission Directorate General I External Economic Relations, and Centre de Developpement des Energies Renouvelables and Grupo Endesa, Cologne , Germany June 1994. 3. Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Systems ISCCS...
Battery Technologies
This appendix assumes that current R amp D activities will lead to significant improvements in the cost and performanc e of battery storage systems. As these improvements take place, battery storage systems will compete with conventional sources of peak electric power generation, such as gas turbines, diesel generators, or uninterruptible power supply units. Flooded lead-acid and VRLA batteries are commercially available today, although not in designs wholly suited to utility applications. Zinc...
System OM Costs
Operation amp maintenance costs consist of fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs include cooling and genera l maintenance at the site. Variable costs include recharging the batteries and periodically replacing the batteries. These O amp M costs are presented as annual expenses in the prior table. The cooling charge is based on a power managemen t system which consists of eight modules, each one of which is the same size as the system being characterized here 18 . The unit must be installed in...
Engines
The engine in a dish engine system converts heat to mechanical power in a manner similar to conventional engines , that is by compressing a working fluid when it is cold, heating the compressed working fluid, and then expanding i t through a turbine or with a piston to produce work. The mechanical power is converted to electrical power by a n electric generator or alternator. A number of thermodynamic cycles and working fluids have been considered fo r dish engin e systems. These include...
Collector Technology
The basic component of the solar field is the solar collector assembly SCA . Each SCA is an independently trackin g parabolic trough solar collector made up of parabolic reflectors mirrors , the metal support structure, the receiver tubes, and the tracking system that includes the drive, sensors, and controls. Table 2 shows the design characteristics of th e Acurex, single axis tracking M.A.N., and three generations of Luz SCAs. The general trend was to build large r collectors with higher...
References Kgv
1. Washom, B., Parabolic Dish Stirling Module Development and Test Results, Paper No. 849516, Proceedings of the IECEC, San Francisco, CA 1984 . 2. Diver, R.B., C.E. Andraka, J.B. Moreno, D.R. Adkins, and T.A. Moss, Trends in Dish-Stirling Solar Receiver Design, Proceedings of the IECEC, Reno, NV 1990 . 3. Andraka, C.E., et. al., Solar Heat Pipe Testing ofthe Stirling Thermal Motors 4-120 Stirling Engine, Paper No. 96306, Proceedings of the IECEC, Washington, D C. 1996 . 4. Sanders Associates,...
References
1. McGowan, F., Controlling the Greenhouse Effect--the Role of Renewables, Energy Policy, March 1991, p. 111118. 2. Hall, D.O., F. Rosillo-Calle, and P. de Groot, Biomass Energy--Lessons from Case Studies in Developin g Countries, Energy Policy, January 1992, p. 62-73. 3. Pulp and Paper 1996 North American Fact Book, Miller Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1995. ISBN10-87930 -4219. 4. Gilmore Sugar Manual, 1994 95, Sugar Publications, Fargo, ND, 1994. Figure 1. Biomass gasification combined cycle...
System Application Benefits and Impacts Rcg
Application This document describes the use of a battery storage system in conjunction with a PV system to avoi d or reduce the purchase of more costly on-peak power. However, energy storage systems can also play a flexible, multifunction role in an electric supply network to manage resources effectively. Battery energy storage systems are use d for a variety of applications, such as power quality assurance, transmission and distribution T amp D facility deferral , voltage regulation, spinning...
References Gbq
1. Status Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants, Pilkington Solar International 1996. Report ISBN 3-9804901-0-6. 2. Holl, R.J., Status of Solar-Thermal Electric Technology, Electric Power Research Institute December 1989. Report GS- 6573. 3. Mancini, T., G.J. Kolb, and M. Prairie, Solar Thermal Power, Advances in Solar Energy An Annual Review of Research and Development, Vol. 11, edited by Karl W. Boer, American Solar Energy Society, Boulder, CO , 1997, ISBN 0-89553-254-9. Solar power towers...
Performance and Cost Discussion Plant Performance
Increasing the performance of the solar collectors and power plant are one of the primary opportunities for reducin g the cost of trough technology. Collector performance improvements can come from developing new more efficien t collector technologies and components but often also by improving the reliability and lifetime of existing components. Table 4 shows the annual performance and net solar-to-electric efficiency of each of the technology cases describe d above. The 1997 baseline case...
Additional References
17. Benjamin, W., Building Biomass into the Utility Fuel Mix at NYSEG System Conversion and Testing Result s for Greenidge Station, Proceedings of The Seventh National Bioenergy Conference, Nashville, TN Septembe r 1996 . 18. Guidelines for Co-Firing Refuse-Derived Fuel in Electric Utility Boilers, Electric Power Research Institute Jun e 1988. Report 1861-1. 19. Strategic Analysis of Biomass and Waste Fuels for Electric Power Generation, Electric Power Research Institute December 1993. Report...
Max Power TrackerPower Conditioning System
DC components exclusively DC and AC components Accommodate high-voltage and current Accommodate lower voltage which is less costly Dedicated to PV Not technology-specific Battery subsystem Most PV storage subsystems today consist of flooded lead-acid batteries. Improved valve -regulated lead-acid VRLA batteries are now emerging in utility systems. Advanced batteries such as lithium ion and zinc bromine are being developed and are at different levels of size and readiness for utility operation....
Payback Period
For co-fired biomass a simple payback period was calculated instead of a levelized COE. As a retrofit opportunity , co-firing will be pursued by plant owners only if paybacks of a few years can be achieved. Simple Payback is define d as total capital investment divided by annual energy savings, to obtain years until payback. In simple payback, n o consideration is given to the time value of money and no discount rates are applied to dollar values in future years. I n the co-fire analyses, the...
References Lwf
1. Brugman, J., M. Hattar, K. Nichols, and Y. Esaki, Next Generation Geothermal Power Plants, CE Holt Co., Pasadena, CA February 1996. Report EPRI RP 3657-01. Research supported in part by Office of Geothermal Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy. 2. Easwaran, E., and D. Entingh, United States Geothermal Technology - Equipment and Services for Worldwid e Applications, Princeton Economic Research, Inc., for U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable...
Receivers
The receiver absorbs energy reflected by the concentrator and transfers it to the engine's working fluid. The absorbing surface is usually placed behind the focus of the concentrator to reduce the flux intensity incident on it. An apertur e is placed at the focus to reduce radiation and convection heat losses. Each engine has its own interface issues. Stirling engine receivers must efficiently transfer concentrated solar energy to a high-pressure oscillating gas, usually heliu m or hydrogen. In...
SEGS Plant Operating Experience
The nine operating SEGS plants have demonstrated the commercial nature of the Luz parabolic trough collecto r technology and have validated many of the SEGS plant design concepts. Additionally, many important lessons hav e been learned related to the design, manufacture, construction, operation, and maintenance of large-scale paraboli c trough plants 7,8,9 . Solar Field Components A simple problem with a single component, such as an HCE, can affect many thousands o f components in a large solar...
History Rvr
Dish engine technology is the oldest of the solar technologies, dating back to the 1800s when a number of companie s demonstrated solar powered steam-Rankine and Stirling-based systems. Modern technology was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by United Stirling AB, Advanco Corporation, McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corporatio n MDA , NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and DOE. This technology used directly-illuminated, tubular sola r receivers, the United Stirling 4-95 kinematic Stirling...
Technology Jyx
Performance for 2005 is largely based on one of the solarizable engines being commercialized for a non-sola r application e.g., GM's introduction of the STM 4-120 Stirling engine for use in hybrid vehicles . Use of a production-level engine will have a significant impact on engine cost as well as overall system cost. This milestone will hel p trigger a fledgling dish engine industry. A production rate of 2,000 modules per year is assumed. Achieving a hig h production rate is key to reducing...
Introduction Mjf
The U.S. electric utility industry is in the process of revolutionary change, from impending restructuring an d competition, to limitations on installing new conventional generation and transmission and distribution equipment . The current situation in the electricity market may offer unique opportunities for energy storage technologies , particularly in combination with renewable energy generation, in which a few seconds to a few hours of electricity can be held for use at a later time 1,2 ....
Cost Reductions
Table 4 shows the total plant capital cost for each technology case on a kW m2 basis. The technology shows a 30 cost reduction on a kW basis and a 55 reduction on a m2 basis. These cost reductions are due to larger plants being built, increased collector production volumes, building projects in solar power park developments, and saving s through competitive bidding. In general, the per kW capital cost of power plants decreases as the size of the plan t increases. For trough plants, a 49...
Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System ISCCS
The ISCCS is a new design concept that integrates a parabolic trough plant with a gas turbine combined-cycl e plant 2,3 . The ISCCS has generated much interest because it offers an innovative way to reduce cost and improv e the overall solar-to-electric efficiency. A process flow diagram for an ISCCS is shown in Figure 2. The ISCCS use s solar heat to supplement the waste heat from the gas turbine in order to augment power generation in the steam Rankine bottoming cycle. In this design, solar...
References Bnz
1. Stoddard, M.C., et. al., SOLERGY - A Computer Code for Calculating the Annual Energy from Central Receiver Power Plants, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA May 1987. Report SAND86-8060. 2. Meinecke, W., and M. Bohn, Solar Energy Concentrating Systems Applications and Technologies, edited by M. Becker, and B. Gupta, Muller Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1995. 3. Anderson, D. And K. Ahmed, The Case for the Solar Energy Investments, World Bank Technical Paper Numbe r 279 - Energy Series,...
References 1
1. DeLong, M., Economic Development Through Biomass Systems Integration - Sustainable Biomass Energ y Production, Northern States Power, Minneapolis, MN, for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and th e Electric Power Research Institute May 1995. Report NREL TP-430-20517. 2. Weyerhauser, Inc., New Bern Biomass to Energy Project, Phase 1 Feasibility Study, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO June 1995. Report NREL TP-421-7942. 3. Craig, K.R., and M.K. Mann, Cost and...
UTILITYSCALE FLATPLATE THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS Land Water and Critical
Land area needs are based on calculating the array area required to produce the desired output, amount of energy per square meter of array and then multiplying this area by a factor of about 2.5 to account for packing the arrays without shadowing. At 10 system efficiency, a PV system produces about 100 W m2 of array. Including the packing factor, this is 40 W m2 of land area. A MW would thus require 25,000 m2 of land, or about 0.025 km2. In the early years, we expect system efficiency to be...
Financial Model and Results
The FATE2-P Financial Analysis Tool for Electric Energy Projects financial analysis model was used to analyze th e data provided in the Technology Characterizations. This spreadsheet model was developed by Princeton Economi c Research, Inc. and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy. FATE2-P can be used for either the revenue requirements or the discounted rate of return approach. It is used by the DOE renewable energy R amp D programs for its planning...
References Glc
1. Wiltsee, G.A., and E. E. Hughes, Biomass Energy Cost of Crops and Power, Vol. 2, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 1995. Report TR-102107. 2. TAG - Technical Assessment Guide, Volume 1 Electricity Supply-1993, Revision 7, Electric Power Researc h Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1993. EPRI TR-102276-V1R7. 3. Hollenbacher, R., Biomass Combustion Technologies in the United States, Proceedings of the Biomas s Combustion Conference, Reno, Nevada January 28-30, 1992 . 4. Perry, R.H., and...
Balance of Station Costs
Balance of Station BOS costs include foundations, control electrical hardware , site preparation, electric collection system and transmission lines, substation, windfarm control and monitoring equipment, O amp M facilities and equipment, initial spare parts, shipping, resource assessment, surveying, legal counsel, project management and administration, permits, construction insurance, and engineering services. Since land cost is listed on Table 1 as a percent of revenue and not an initial...