Waves Photons Spacetime Curvature and Observation
Spacetime ST curvature involves not only the change of spatial energy density of local spacetime but also a change of its time-energy density. That component of the total ST curvature due to time-energy density change i.e., time-polarized EM photons and waves can be far more powerful, because of the enormous energy density of the time-energy compared to the far lies dense 3-spatial energy. As previously stated, time may be regarded as having the same energy density as mass, except that the...
Death Knell of the Speed of Light Limitation
Another giant shock has emerged in astrophysics during the last few years, and it is now threatening a dramatic revision to physics. Heretofore, it has been fashionable to assume that gravity itself propagates at light speed. A great deal of very comfortable physics theory has been built around that assumption. Well, the assumption is not true. Experiments in astrophysics continue to refute it. It now is almost certain that the speed of gravity is at least 2 x 1010 c. A beautiful though...
In Summary
COP gt 1.0 operation in EM systems via work-free asymmetrical regauging has been inherent in the Maxwell-Heaviside equations for more than a century. Since Lorentz first did so circa the latter 1880s, electro-dynamicists have just conveniently and arbitrarily assumed away COP gt 1.0 systems by i artificially limiting the theory to only that fraction of Maxwell-Heaviside systems in usable net force field equilibrium in their vacuum exchange during their excitation discharge, and ii using the...
E R Laithwaite
Eric Laithwaite was for some years a professor with the Imperial College in London. He was one of the pioneers of the linear electric motor and of portions of the magnetic levitation MagLev train concept. An illustrious career headed for greater things perhaps knighthood, Fellow of the Royal Society, etc. was abruptly derailed in 1973 after he lectured to the prestigious Royal Institution by invitation and demonstrated that a heavy gyroscope, difficult to lift with one hand while not turning,...
Kawai PathSwitching Motor
Japanese inventor Teruo Kawai has invented a process for adroit self-switching of the magnetic path in magnetic motors, rather than directly overpowering the magnetic field and then forcibly reversing it. The process reduces most of the back mmf in an otherwise rather conventionally switched magnetic motor, and results in producing a COP that is approximately double the stated efficiency rating of the unmodified motor. Understand, the Kawai motor always has an efficiency less than 100 , even...
AntiStokes Emission and Similar Processes
Stokes' law states that the wavelength of the fluorescent light emitted by a phosphor or other luminescent substance is always greater than the wavelength of the radiation used to excite the fluorescence 289 . This condition was observed by Stokes in 1852 290 . From an energy viewpoint, the collecting medium collects and dissipates some of the input energy in the medium itself e.g., to accelerate moving molecules and then emits the remainder of it. The system consisting of the medium, the...
Potential Energy Shuttling in a Circuit
The net result is to shuttle the stress potential energy back and forth in the circuit, between the ends. See Figure 4-7. When this stress potential energy shuttling is done at the natural or tuned resonant frequency of that single wire circuit as an oscillator, the monopolar charge transfer is optimized and amplified by the resonance effect, with an increase in the energy being shuttled. It is this type of Tesla single wire circuit that can in theory exhibit COP gt 1.0. Tesla's single wire...
Lorentz Regauging of the MaxwellHeaviside Equations
The domain of Lorentz's symmetrically regauged equations is only a small subset of the domain of the Maxwell-Heaviside equations they replace. Indeed, the later Lorentz 161a, 161b symmetrical regauging discards an entire class of Maxwellian systems permitted by nature and by the Maxwell-Heaviside equations before they are symmetrically regauged. Lorentz's symmetrically regauged EM equations discard all Maxwell-Heaviside systems that are far from equilibrium in their energetic exchange with the...
Bedinis Flux Path Switching with Energy Capture
One additional embodiment of the Bedini flux path switching motor is shown in Figure 6-32. Here the entire flux path is switched, by moving a small coil on the bottom side of the material flux path, as shown in the figure. As Radus showed 454 , it turns out that a much weaker magnetic field in that left bottom position will switch the flux path of a powerful permanent magnet field at the left top of the path, as shown. Now, however, Bedini adds a transformer coil around the right end of the...
The MeadNachamkin Zero Point Energy Converter
It is well known that the vacuum interacts with electrical charges and dipoles, and also with the electrons in an atom. For example, Lamb received the 1955 Nobel Prize in physics jointly with Polykarp Kush for experiments measuring the small displacement later called the Lamb shift of 0 ne of the energy levels in atomic hydrogen 349 . Casimir 350a proved that closely separated conducting plates also alter the energy density of the vacuum, thereby becoming an energy extracting method, although...
Gain in Intensely Scattering Optically Active Media
This modern work which may be regarded in one sense as extending the anti-Stokes emission effect is largely being pursued in intensely scattering optically active media. A very nice example is given by Lawandy's experiment 295a-d , shown in Figure 5-4. Figure 5-4a shows a comparison experiment in water without an intensely scattering optically active medium but with a fluorescent dye to show the emission interaction. Figure 5-4b shows the same experiment with titanium dioxide particles added to...
Tests Reinforcing the Antigravity Mechanism
9.11.1 Dirac Sea Hole Current Effects in a COP 1.0 EM System. For COP 1.0 electromagnetic systems, we recall that the temporal energy will flow negatively across the system from output section to input section. Hence the Dirac sea hole current in the local vacuum flows back across the system, from its output to its input section. Regarding the output section Specifically, all COP gt 1.0 systems produce both positive and negative energy outputs. The greater the COP of the system, the greater the...
Negative Resistors
We define a true negative resistor as a circuit component or system that receives energy from the environment and outputs useful energy, either in altered form or to power loads usefully. This contrasts sharply with a differential negative resistor, which exhibits negative resistance in one part of its regimen, but where all the excess energy to move the current against the voltage in that regime was previously drawn from the circuit itself and therefore was not freely received from the active...
Suppression of Free Energy Systems Has Been Common
This is only one of many cases we know of where such suppression of overunity systems and inventors has been accomplished. Others are not so benign. Marinov was killed with a longitudinal EM wave shooter in Europe, and his body was thrown off a building to make it appear a suicide. The police allowed the body to lie on the pavement for a protracted time it was emitting longitudinal EM waves from the time-charging action of the strike . When finally moved, the pavement glowed in that area that...
A Summarizing Letter
Our thrust in this book is to attempt to 1 reveal some of the major flaws in electrodynamics that have prevented development and use of COP gt 1.0 electrical power systems, and 2 point the way toward the development and use of such systems. To give a general summary of the ground this book will cover, we conclude with an informal E-mail letter I sent to the recent editor of American Journal of Physics, pointing out the greater implications of his cogent observation of that dreadful diagram and...
Reinterpreting Whittakers Decomposition of the Scalar Potential
As previously stated, we applied and re-interpreted Whittaker 1903 decomposition of the potential 85 between the ends of the dipole. The scalar potential is actually a harmonic set of bidirectional longitudinal EM wavepairs, where each wavepair consists of an outgoing EM longitudinal EM wave in real 3-space and an incoming EM longitudinal EM wave in the complex plane. Hence we have a new and novel EM energy flow symmetry in 4-space, where as seen by the observer the broken 3-symmetry of the...
The Search for COP Circuits and Systems
A very long search and much intense study and reflection eventually revealed the concepts and principles of those long-neglected disequilibrium Maxwellian systems that permissibly output more energy than the operator inputs. The active environment not the operator simply inputs the rest of the energy. Such disequilibrium systems are indeed permitted in Maxwell's theory 20 , and are also still prescribed by Heaviside's severe curtailment of it 21 into what is two vector equations with variables...
Asymmetrical Self Regauging
Figure 2-4 Heaviside nondiverged and Poynting diverged energy flow components. Contrast Lorentz's statement if applied to the ocean wind on a sailing ship, where the wind represents the total energy flow and the ship represents a single Maxwellian system under consideration. Figure 2-5 Lorentz in his sailing ship in an ocean wind, with no other ships around. Figure 2-5 Lorentz in his sailing ship in an ocean wind, with no other ships around. As shown in Figure 2-5, Lorentz's argument is...
Physics Is Not the Mathematics But What It Manipulates
Following Feynman's ansatz, one should realize that the physics is not really in the mathematics itself, but in the physical meaning of the concepts that the mathematics manipulates. Here again, the inimitable Feynman 9 cautioned against over-attachment to the mathematics itself. He said it very clearly Mathematicians or people who have very mathematical minds, are often led astray when studying physics because they lose sight of the physics. They say Look, these differential equations - the...
Gravitec Inc and H Serrano
A patent 537 was issued to H. Serrano on Oct. 5, 2000 and assigned to Gravitec, Inc. whose principal investigator and corporate officer is Tim Ventura. Based on this invention, Gravitec, Inc has developed and demonstrated a rotary device that develops unilateral thrust. Purdue University began a small but steady effort to test the unit, first in the atmosphere and later under high vacuum conditions. The first tests have been successful, and a paper 538 from the Purdue study shows it is not the...
Ionization Detectors Transduction and EM LW Interferometry
Ionization processes obviously are processes where the partial transduction of LW time interaction into 3-spatial energy interaction would yield ordinary excited energy states of the affected electrons or ions. In turn, this would lead to ionization e.g., of the atoms and molecules of a gas, liquid, etc. Hence, ordinary ionization detectors such as Geiger Miiller tubes have the innate capability of detecting such transduction that generates ionization, and thereby have some capability of...
Other Research Work and Inventions
While we have given a sort of quick overview of work done in this field, there have been many other patents filed by numerous inventors and additional work done by them. This is a dynamic field and it is moving the biggest problem is that it is still sorely hampered by highly limited funding and an attitude by much of the scientific community that if it has not been invented here, it doesn't exist. In the table in Figure 8-3 below, we list some of the pertinent patent numbers for reference,...
Nonunitary Outrigger Array System
See Figure 9-14, which is a diagrammatic representation of a COP gt 1.0 array system that is non-unitary. In the non-unitary outrigger array system, no part of the outrigger array works at gt 1.0. All external parts operate at lt l.'i. but independently and with COP gt 1.0. Each of the external outrigger systems is an open system freely receiving excess energy from its active environment, because it is an energy-receiving system and the energy is freely transmitted from the central system. The...
Dark Positive Energy The Unaccounted Heaviside Component
Now we restate a deceptively hidden thing The EM field and potential are defined as the observed effect of the deviation from them by an assumed unit point charge. Then that same field and potential are assumed to be in mass-free space, before the interaction with charged matter. Hence the 88 Using the U.S. as an example, the U.S. classified community is highly compartmented, and the real organization of a given compartment often consists of laterally connected same clearance compartments in...
The Suicidal Closed Unitary Current Loop Circuit
The present Lorentz-Maxwell-Heaviside theory, by which EM circuits and electrical power systems are designed, produces only systems in net usable equilibrium with the active vacuum, specifically during the symmetrically regauging discharge of the circuit's excitation energy Figure 2-7 . Hence all present EM systems designed by that model rigorously conform to classical equilibrium thermodynamics, and exhibit a coefficient of performance COP of COP lt 1.0. Since the Maxwell-Heaviside equations...
COP and the Question of Perpetual Motion
Legitimate scientific researchers attempting to work in open EM systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium are often subjected to rather vicious ad hominem attacks, charging that they are perpetual motion machine addicts and therefore raving lunatics. This of course is not true. We are simply trying to do with Maxwell's electric fluid systems what nature already shows us can be done with material fluid systems. We are in fact seeking the equivalent of electromagnetic heat pump processes and...
EM Foundations Are Incomplete and Contain Errors
In any model, there are many assumptions. Even when a model is wellfitted and well-developed, it still applies only when the foundations assumptions on which it is based are true or are not too much in error. Whenever one or more of the fundamental assumptions is violated by phenomena uncovered, then there is a new class of phenomena where the model does not hold, or does not hold well and is only an approximation at best. In that case, either the existing unsatisfactory model must be improved...
Physical Considerations of Gauge Freedom
Additional physical considerations must be accounted when gauge freedom is invoked or utilized with respect to physical systems. Applied to electrodynamics systems, gauge freedom assumes the ability to freely change any potential of the system being studied. From the physics of the situation, a system potential change concomitantiy assumes changing the potential energy of the system itself for which gauge freedom changes are being theoretically applied to system-descriptive equations. If one...
Millss Hydrino Energy Cells and Developments
Dr. Randell Mills 396a-396c , 397 has proposed a cosmic sea of hydrinos the hydrino is a proposed reduced energy state of the hydrogen atom to explain his tested energy cells. He envisions and produces a theory for hydrogen that is reduced to a lower energy state the hydrino . He has gathered considerable evidence for his theory, and has accounted for some sixty or so infrared spectral lines in the sun's radiation that have previously not been explained. Independent tests appear to have...
Sweet Antigravity Test
See again our discussion in paragraph 8.3.7. A practical realization of antigravity was clearly shown by the Sweet antigravity test designed by the present author. See previous discussion under paragraphs 6.3.2 in Chapter 6, and see again Figures 6-5 through 6-15. In Chapter 6, the Sweet vacuum triode amplifier device shown in Figure 68 had a very large COP 1,500,000 at 500 watts output with a 33 microamp, 10 volt operator's input. It had an even greater COP when pushed to 1,000 watts output...
The Problem of the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe
As briefly stated earlier, we introduce the notion of the supersystem, consisting of three parts i the system and its dynamics, ii the active vacuum and its dynamics, and iii the active spacetime curvatures and their dynamics. All three components of the supersystem interact with each other. In Chapter 9, we explain in some detail how a COP gt 1.0 EM circuit and especially a COP 1.0 EM circuit has an induced flow of negative energy Dirac sea hole current from the output section of the system,...
Grays Splitting the Positive Pole Engine
One of the real pioneers in early application of causal positron energy was inventor Edwin V. Gray of Van Nuys California. In WW II Gray learned radar during his tour in the U.S. Navy, having previously attended advanced engineering school in the Army until discovered to be under age 15 and discharged. After the war, by 1958 he had learned to perform what he called splitting the positive pole, using cold electrical energy his name for negative EM energy as well as the normal positive electrical...
Newtons Theory and a Negative Mass Extension
The first mechanism for gravity of interest to our purposes was advanced by Newton in his work on mechanics 495 . Newton's law of gravitation may be stated as 496 A particle ofmass m attracts a particle ofmass m2 a distance daway with a force F G in the direction ofthe line joining the particles. Of course, it should have stated in a time forward zone. The situation is precisely reversed in a time-reversal zone. It is also reversed for negative mass-energy. In the Newtonian view, antigravity...
The Dean Drive
Our second example is the inertial drive patented by Dean 519a-519e . Unfortunately, the effects of the Dean drive later appeared to be a problem in accurate measurement. Nonetheless, work still continues along the direction shown by Dean. One may argue that mechanical materials also contain charges and have a certain kind of capacitance. Hence, mechanical motion of the parts of the machine does move these charges and dielectrics, opening a possibility of interacting with the dielectric of...
How Circuits Are Powered
Let us now look at the great magnitude of the energy flow that nature gives us from that dipole. We have to get into the subject a bit, because EM energy flow theory has been rather thoroughly confused for more than a century. First, batteries and generators do not use their available internal energy the shaft energy we input to the generator, or chemical energy available in the battery to power the external circuit. Instead, each uses its available internal energy 209 to perform work on its...
System Coefficient of Performance COP and System Efficiency
See again footnote 11 in Chapter 1 and Appendix A. In 1915, general relativity in fact destroyed several of the fundamental definitions axioms of classical thermodynamics. It necessitated our correction of some thermodynamical definitions open system and closed system and our more rigorous definitions of COP and efficiency advanced below. Once mass is recognized as energy and the two are just different sides of the same coin, there can be no thermodynamically closed system which passes energy...
Bedinis Skin Depth Magnetic Switching
Bedini found a most interesting variation of flux path switching he switches the direction ofjust a little fraction of the ongoing magnetic flux in a material flux path, on the skin of one side of it and with only a slight skin depth.196 Suppose a flux path material is used as the stator pole of a permanent magnet motor. A large permanent magnet is used to magnetize that short length of flux path, as shown one the left in Figure 6-31, which illustrates a concept for a magnetic motor. For...
Examples of COP Electromagnetic Systems
The motionless electromagnetic generator MEG 661 Figure 11-1 does catch and use some of this available free energy, as explained below. So does the familiar Bohren experiment 662a, 662b by resonating each intercepting charge so it sweeps out an increased geometrical reaction cross section in space, reaching past the usual Poynting interception cross section for a static charge and thereby absorbing additional energy from the otherwise non-intercepted Heaviside energy flow component. Every...
Using the Uncurled Apotential as a Linear Energy Current
A very simple equation allows utilizing the extra nonlocalized A-potential energy, even though it has no curl and therefore no magnetic B-field. That is cA ct - E. This equation means that, if one perturbs that large field-free A-potential outside the toroid, it produces an E-field, which we have argued must now be a longitudinal EM wave due to the perturbations ifthe B-confining operation is still imposed. By oscillating the A-potential perturbations, one produces an oscillating E-field that...
Differences between Effects in COP and COP
In this chapter, we utilize the Dirac hole in a different manner from the received interpretation. The received interpretation assumes an electron hole in the vacuum, with the hole filled with a negative energy electron therapeutic science one company is already working in this area, with positive results. 248 We leave to the advanced theorists the connection between this stable equilibrium state under a change in symmetrically regauged stress, occurring as a net-force-free intensity change in...
Future Plans
Our plans are straightforward. We will continue to pursue and update our patents and file additional ones as additional discoveries are made. We will continue our negotiations with major financial parties until satisfactory and mutually beneficial capitalization is obtained we expect that to occur before the end of 2002 . At that time we will establish a modern Magnetic Energy Ltd. U.S. laboratory devoted to advanced research and development, as well as a separate production company in...
PointContact Transistor
Figure 5-8 diagrammatically shows a point-contact transistor with n-type base in a typical circuit for power gain. The point of the contact is under pressure on the material with which it is in contact. Figure 5-8 Point contacttransistor with n-type base. Figure 5-8 Point contacttransistor with n-type base. The point-contact transistor often behaved in true negative resistor fashion, outputting more energy than was input to it. Its production was always far more of an art than a science. As can...
Shoulders Electron Cluster Processes
Valone 388 has summarized Ken Shoulders' charge clusters and processes as follows An unusual energy source is the clustering of electrons by a discharge needle into a high density bundle equaling Avogadro's density ofa solid Ken Shoulders has patented a process Pat. 5,153,901 that produces electron clusters with such high energy density, they equal processes exceeding25,000 degrees Celsius upon impact. Yet, he only uses 20 microjoules to produce the effects. The clusters travel at a maximum of...
The Sachs Unified Field Extension of Einsteins Theory
Another notable extension of Einstein's theory, which does include electrodynamics and the results of quantum mechanics as well, is the theory by Sachs 510 . Starting with Einstein's general relativity view and the group symmetry of its underlying mathematics, Sachs extended Einstein's theory into a fundamental theory of matter in all domains. Einstein's group formalism and the spinor-quaternion calculus in a curved spacetime provide the genesis of matter fields. The theory encompasses globally...
Perspective on Tesla vs Marconi
Tesla was neither deluded nor mistaken, though some electrodynamicists have mistakenly considered him in that light. On the other hand, Jackson one of the leading electrodynamicists of our time pays Tesla a significant compliment as follows 268 . In U.S. patent no. 787,412 April 18, 1905 , reprinted in Nikola Tesla, Lectures and Patents and Articles. Nikola Tesla Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia 1956 , this remarkable genius clearly outlines the idea ofthe earth as a resonating circuit he did not...
Bedinis Transducing Negative Resistor
Figure 5-13 gives a simplified block diagram of Bedini's transducing negative resistor process, which asymmetrically regauges negative EM energy into positive EM energy. With this process Bedini is able to intercept the Dirac sea hole current running from the output section of a COP gt 1.0 EM system to its input section, and divert the negative energy Dirac hole current to reverse charge a capacitor. The reverse charge consists of providing a hole current to the anti-negative plate of the...
TimeCharging Internal Structuring Vacuum Engines and Diffusion
Photon interaction as a spatial energy collection or energy exchange process is well known in physics. However, the time-charging or time-excitation interaction between the mass and the time component carried by the photon is usually ignored. As is well known, an atomic electron that absorbs a transverse photon increases its spatial energy and changes into an excited spatial energy state. When the electron subsequently decays from that excited energy state to a lower state, the spatial energy...
Work and Energy
Doing work is defined as changing the form of energy. No energy is lost per se when work is done the energy is only changed from one form to 96 The reason is that all 3-space EM energy in the circuit or elsewhere must come from the time domain to each 3-space point and return from that point to the time domain. The scalar potential voltage actually is an ongoing process whereby, for any interacting charge, energy in the time-domain and energy in 3-space are functionally combined in that...
Eddy Current Multiplier
Figure 6-34 shows an example of an eddy current multiplier, adapted from Burke 455 . This is given as a somewhat unusual system which may exhibit novel effects and possibly can be adapted into a COP gt 1.0 system e.g., by using permanent magnets instead of the coils and triggering things into unbalanced condition using a rotary pulse wire generator. We simply list it here as a candidate for the experimenter. Figure 6-34 Eddy current multiplier. Figure 6-34 Eddy current multiplier. In Figure...
Morays Radiant Energy Device
One of the remarkable examples of a successful C0P gt 1.0 system was the radiant energy system of Dr. T. Henry Moray of Salt Lake City, prior to World War II. Figure 5-1- shows Dr. Moray and his final 50 kW unit, powering an assembly of light bulbs 287 . The device weighed 55 pounds, used an antenna connected as a signal input from the ether, but needed no input of electrical energy by the operator in order to achieve its steady power output. As shown in Figure 5-2 and Figure 5-3, the various...