Ramifications
Importance of the Process and Its Sub-Processes
A process has been provided whereby useful electromagnetic energy may be extracted from the dipole of a permanent magnet, via the giant negentropy process {26, 43} associated with the magnetic dipole. In that process, an outflow of EM energy is continuously furnished by the magnet dipole in all directions in 3-space, and the energy to the dipole is freely furnished from the time-domain of the active vacuum {1, 26, 43}. Whittaker {1} unwittingly showed this giant negentropy mechanism in 1903, but failed to recognize its implications. Recent recognition of the mechanism and its implications for electrical power systems was accomplished by one of the inventors, Bearden {26} and then more deeply examined by Evans and Bearden {43}.
By using the principle that essentially unlimited energy can be withdrawn from (collected from) a potential, and the withdrawn energy will be replaced by the potential's negative resistor action using the giant negentropy mechanism {1, 26, 43}, a practical approach to free energy sources for self-powering and COP>1.0 electrical power systems anywhere in the universe is provided.
By using the principle that iterative transformation of its form energy in a replenishing potential environment can be repeatedly reused to do work, so long as the form of the energy resulting at the completion of each work phase is retained and reprocessed, one joule of energy can be utilized to do many joules of work, as precisely permitted by the conservation of energy law with regauging. This is a major change to the work-energy theorem of electrodynamics, which implicitly has assumed only a single change of form of the energy, followed by loss (escape from the system) of all the energy in the new form. In short, the present work-energy theorem is only a special case valid under those assumed special conditions. The invented process takes advantage of the extended work-energy theorem where one joule of energy— accompanied by retention of the new form of energy resulting from work—can do multiple joules of work in a replenishing potential environment.
By using the principle that one joule in "iterative form changing mode with retention" can do many joules of work upon a component of a system—to wit, upon the Drude electron gas in an electrical circuit, where the potential energy is increased by the increased kinetic energy of the electrons having the work done upon them—the extended work-energy theorem can be utilized to overpotentialize the receiving Drude electron gas, thereby regauging the system to add excess energy by gauge freedom and outputting more electrical energy to the load than is input to the system by the operator.
By then dissipating in loads this excess energy collected in the Drude electron gas in the output circuit, the invented process provides greater energy to be dissipated in the load than is input by the operator. The combination of processes thus allows an electromagnetic system freely functioning as an open system not in equilibrium with its active vacuum (due to the giant negentropy mechanism {26, 43}), hence permitted to exhibit COP>1.0. In this way, more work output can be accomplished by the system process than the work that the operator must perform upon the system to operate it.
By using the principle of governed, clamped positive feedback of a portion of the increased output back to the input, the system can be close-looped and can power itself and its load, with all the energy being furnished by self-regauging from the active vacuum as an external energy source, furnishing excess energy to the magnetic dipole's magnetostatic potential and associated magnetic vector potential, thereby replenishing energy withdrawn from said magnetic vector potential by the subprocesses in the overall system process.
One system operating in closed-loop mode can also have one fraction of its output devoted to "jump-starting" another such system in tandem, then switching the second system into self-powering closed-loop mode, then "jump-starting" another such system, which is then switched to self-powering, and so on. In that way, multiple systems can be "piggy-backed" so that an exceptionally large power system consisting of a group of such "piggy-backing" systems can be produced. In case of system failure, all can be started again in the same series, by furnishing only the initial small input required to jump-start the first system of the group. In this way, very large power systems such as necessary to power automobiles, trucks, ships, trains, etc. can be produced, and yet the back-up jump starting source—such as a storage battery—can be very small, e.g., a simple flashlight battery.
Implications for the Crisis in Oil Supplies Versus Energy Demands
The implications are that a total revolution in transportation, electrical power systems, backup power systems, etc. is at hand. In the process, the electrical power is obtained freely and cleanly from the vacuum, from permanent magnet dipoles continuously replenished from the active vacuum via the giant negentropy process.
A more significant fraction of the electrical power system can thus be decentralized, and degradation in case of system failure will be graceful and local. Yet full use can still be made of the existing power grids and power systems. As an example, arrays of self-powering electrical heater systems can be developed and used to heat the boilers in many standard power systems, thereby stopping the burning of hydrocarbons in those plants, and drastically reducing the pollution of the biosphere and the lungs of living creatures including humans. This would allow a graceful phase-in of new, clean, self-powering electrical power systems, reduction of hydrocarbon combustion for commercial electricity production, ready increase in electrical power to meet increasing world demands even in poor nations and developing countries, while capitalizing and using much of the present very large "sunk costs" investments in present large power systems. The core material fabrication is labor-intensive, so it is made in developing nations where such jobs are sorely needed and greatly benefit both the people and the nation. The dramatically increased use of and demand for these materials would thus stimulate substantial economic growth in those nations by providing many more jobs.
The conversion of power systems and replacement in a fraction of them, can proceed at a very rapid pace, since production and scale-up of systems utilizing this system process can be very rapid because, except for the cores, all fabrication, parts, techniques, tooling, etc. are simple and standard and very economical.
Particularly at this time of oil crisis and particularly a shortage of refining facilities, a very rapid and permanent solution to the oil crisis and the rapidly increasing demand for electricity—and also much of the problem of the present pollution of the biosphere by combustion byproducts, and of the present global warming enhancement by the emitted CO2 from the hydrocarbon combustion—can be solved cheaply, economically, and quickly.
The steady reduction and eventual near-elimination of hydrocarbon combustion in commercial power systems and transport, and dramatic reduction in nuclear fuel rod consumption, etc. will result in cleaner, cheaper, more easily maintained power systems and a reduction in the acreage required for these power systems.
The gradual decentralization and localization of a substantial fraction of the presently centralized power grid will eliminate a significant fraction of power transmission costs, thereby lowering the price of electrical energy to the consumers.
The scale-up weight-per-kilowatt of systems using this system process will be sufficiently low to enable rapid development of electrically powered transport media such as automobiles etc. These will have weight about the same as now, carry a small battery as a backup "jump-starter", and will have very agile performance suitable for modern driving in heavy traffic. With fuel costs zeroed, the cost to the citizens of owning and operating vehicles will be reduced. Costs to the trucking industry, e.g., will be dramatically reduced, since fuel is a major cost item. In turn, since most goods are moved via the trucking industry, the lower transport costs will mean more economical sales prices of the goods. These are very powerful and beneficial economic advantages of the new process.
Some Specific Advantages
The process allows electrical power systems having the following advantages:
1. The systems can have a high output power to weight ratio Second generation equipment will have a very high output power to weight ratio.
2. The systems can be highly portable for mobile applications.
3. The size and output of the systems are easily scalable, and piggy-backing is simple.
4. The systems will be rugged and reliable for use in hostile environments where conventional generators would fail or be extremely difficult to sustain. The systems can easily be environmentally shielded.
5. The systems can function effectively in very wide operating temperature ranges and can be used where conventional batteries and fuel cells cannot function. As an example, it can power a resistance heater to keep its own immediate environment continuously warm. It can also power electrostatic or magnetic cooling devices to keep the unit and its immediate environment cool in higher temperature environments.
6. The system will have an extremely long life cycle and high reliability, allowing it to be placed where frequent maintenance is not possible.
7. The system uses no fuel or fuel transport, packaging, storage, and disposal systems and needs no intermediate refining facilities and operations. The resulting overhead and financial savings are vast and significant.
8. Use of the systems in a combined centralized and decentralized electrical power system provides survival of electric power and graceful degradation, rather than catastrophic collapse, of electrical power in the presence of damage and destruction. This is particularly important since the greatest threat to America is now the threat of terrorist attacks against our cities, or against our fuel supplies, electrical power grids, etc.
9. The systems produce no harmful emission, harmful or radioactive byproducts, hazardous wastes, or biospheric pollutants. As usage is phased in world wide, a significant reduction of environmental pollutants and hazardous wastes will result, as will a cleaner biosphere.
10. The systems can produce AC or DC power directly by simple electrical additions, and provide shaft power simultaneously. Frequency can be changed by frequency conversion.
11. Coupled with normal electric motors, the systems can provide attractive power system alternatives for automobiles, tractors, trucks, aircraft, boats, ships, submarines, trains, and other vehicles, again without exhaust emissions, pollutants or harmful waste products and without fuel costs.
12. The systems can be developed in small-system sizes, rugged and efficient, to replace the motors of hosts of small engine devices such as garden tractors, lawnmowers, power saws, leaf blowers, etc. which are presently recognized to be very significant biospheric polluters.
The above descriptions provide illustrations of some of the presently envisioned preferred embodiments of this invention.
Extension and Adaptation of the Process
The process can be extended . For example, we have mentioned piggy-backing arrays of such systems for easily assembled, very large power plants.
As another example, conversion to furnish either DC or AC, or combinations of either, at whatever frequencies are required, is easily accomplished by standard conversion techniques and add-on systems.
As another example:
The process uses a multiplicity of positive energy feedforwards and feedbacks, and iterative change of the form of the energy between multiple states in a replenishing environment, to provide iterative gain by "ping-pong". As the number of feedback and feedforward operations are increased, it is possible to advance the system process into a region where the regenerative feeds produce an exponentially increasing curve of regauging energy and potential energy increase, with concomitant exponentially increasing curve of output energy. Material characteristics, saturation levels of cores, etc. provide "plateaus" where the exponentially rising output curve is leveled off and stabilized. By using spoiling and damping, such exponential increase in energy density of the system can be leveled off at specifically desired plateau regions, which can be easily adjusted at will, either manually or automatically in response to sensor inputs. By this means, these systems enable automatically self-regulating, self-adapting power grids and power systems, which automatically adjust their state and operation according to the exact needs and conditions, changes of these needs and conditions, etc. without impact upon supporting fuel, transport, refining, storage, etc. These "exponential but plateau-curtailed" systems are capable of producing very large power-per-pound levels, and sustaining them without overheating, limited only by the saturation level of the core materials. Such new adaptations of the fundamental system process of this invention can be developed in straightforward manner in the second generation.
The adaptations and alterations of the process are limited only by the ingenuity of the engineer and the particular needs of a given application. The process uses the laws of nature in a novel and extended manner, such as using one joule of input energy to cause many joules of output work to be done in the load. Many alternative subprocesses, embodiments, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art of conventional electrical power systems and magneto-electric generators.
REFERENCES:
1. E. T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics,"
Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355. Decomposes any scalar potential into a harmonic set of bidirectional EM longitudinal EM wavepairs, where each wavepair is comprised of a longitudinal EM wave and its phase conjugate replica wave. Dividing the overall waveset into two half-sets, we have one half-set comprised of incoming longitudinal EM waves in the complex plane (the time domain) and a second half-set comprised of outgoing longitudinal EM waves in real 3-space. Hence the scalar potential represents a giant circulation of EM energy automatically established and maintained from the timedomain (complex plane) into the source dipole establishing the potential, with the absorbed complex energy being transduced and re-emitted by the dipole in all directions in 3-space as real longitudinal EM wave energy establishing the EM fields and potentials (and their energy) associated with the dipole.
2. "E. T. Whittaker, "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons by Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions," Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367372. The paper was published in 1904 and orally delivered in 1903. Shows that all EM fields, potentials, and waves are comprised of two scalar EM potential functions. Whittaker's method is well-known in the treatment of transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes of a cylindrical cavity or a waveguide. The Debye potentials and the Bromwich potentials are essentially radial components of the vector potentials of which Whittaker potentials are the real parts. Our further comment is that, since each of the scalar potentials used for the Whittaker functions has an internal Whittaker 1903 giant negentropic substructure and dynamics, then all present EM waves, fields, and potentials have—and are comprised of— vast internal longitudinal EM wave structures and dynamics.
3. P. Debye, Ann. Phys., Leipzig, Vol. 30, 1909, p. 57. Introduces a solution to Maxwell's equations in terms of two scalar potentials. These two scalar potentials are different from the two potentials utilized by E.T. Whittaker in 1904.
4. A. Nisbet, Physica, Vol. 21, 1955, p. 799. Extends the Whittaker and Debye two-potential solutions of Maxwell's equations to points within the source distribution. This is a full generalization of the vector superpotentials (for media of arbitrary properties, together with their relations to such scalar potentials as those of Debye.
5. W. H. McCrea, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, Vol. 240, 1957, p. 447. Gives the general properties in tensor form of superpotentials and their gauge transformations. His treatment is more concise than that of Nisbet, but entirely equivalent when translated into ordinary spacetime coordinates.
6. Melba Phillips, "Classical Electrodynamics," in Principles of Electrodynamics and Relativity, Vol. IV of Encyclopedia of Physics, edited by S. Flugge, Springer-Verlag, 1962. An excellent overview of superpotential theory.
7. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1975, p. 219221; 811-812. In symmetrically regauging the Heaviside-Maxwell equations, electrodynamicists and gauge field theorists assume that the potential energy of any EM system can be freely changed at will (i.e., that the system can first be asymmetrically regauged, due to the principle of gauge freedom). The symmetrical regauging is actually two asymmetrical regaugings carefully chosen so that the net force field (emf)—available for excitation discharge of the excited system—is zero. In circuits, this means that the back emf (across the source dipole) is precisely equal and antiphased to the forward emf (across the external circuit with its loads and losses). Jackson's book does not even address circuits, as he so states in J. D. Jackson, "Surface charges on circuit wires and resistors play three roles," American Journal of Physics, 64(7), July 1996, p. 855-870.
For operating EM systems, their initial potentialization (application of potential to the system to increase its potential energy available for further discharge) is asymmetrical a priori and universally used. Gauge field theory and its assumption of gauge freedom assures us of the validity of this theoretically work-free process of increasing the energy of the system. In real systems, a little switching cost etc. may be required, but minuscule in relation to the amount of extra potential energy that can be generated in the system at will.
As shown by Jackson 1975, for the conventional EM model electrodynamicists actually select only a subset of the Maxwellian systems and deliberately discard the remaining Maxwellian subset. Following Lorentz, the electrodynamicists arbitrarily select two asymmetrical regaugings but precisely such that none of the initial excess regauging energy—freely received in the system by its potentialization—can subsequently be dissipated to power loads without equally destroying the system potentialization represented by the source dipole. This inanity occurs because the net force is deliberately brought to zero, thus consisting of equal forward and back emfs—or mmfs in a magnetic circuit). This custom produces much simpler equations for that remaining simpler subset of Maxwellian systems which are in equilibrium in their exchange with the active vacuum during their dissipation of the free regauging energy.
Hence for more than a century it has been "customary" to arbitrarily discard all Maxwellian systems and subsystems which would asymmetrically regauge themselves during the discharge of their initial free excitation energy. This arbitrary, self-imposed condition is neither a law of nature nor a law of electrodynamics or thermodynamics. It is purely arbitrary.
It assumes that half the gauge freedom's excess potential energy be dissipated internally (against the source dipole's back emf) to destroy any further energetic activity of the system by destroying the source dipolarity (any excess potential on the system, and hence any excess potential energy).
The remaining half of the initial free gauge excitation energy is dissipated usefully in the system's external loads and losses. This means that the remaining half the excitation energy is dissipated detrimentally by the system to destroy its own energetic operation. Since any real system has losses, the net result is that half the gauge freedom potential energy of the excited system is used to destroy the source dipole itself and all potentialization of the system, and less than half is used to power the loads.
Since it requires as much additional energy to restore the source dipole as it required to destroy it, the operator then must furnish more energy to provide for continually restoring the dipole, than the system permits to be dissipated in the external loads.
The set of Maxwellian systems arbitrarily discarded by the ubiquitous Lorentz regauging are precisely those open dissipative Maxwellian systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium in their vacuum exchange. Those are precisely the Maxwellian systems which do not forcibly and symmetrically regauge themselves in accord with the Lorentz condition during their excitation discharge. Those arbitrarily discarded Maxwellian systems are thereby free to dissipate their gauge freedom initial "free-excitation" energy primarily in the external loads and losses, with much less being dissipated in the source dipole to destroy it.
The performance of the arbitrarily discarded asymmetrically regauging Maxwellian systems is described by the thermodynamics of an open dissipative system not in equilibrium with its active environment, rather than by classical equilibrium thermodynamics. As is well-known in the thermodynamics of such systems (for which Prigogine received a Nobel Prize in 1977), such open dissipative systems—Maxwellian or otherwise—are permitted to (1) self-order, (2) self-oscillate or self-rotate, (3) output more energy (e.g., to do useful work) than the operator must input (the excess energy is freely received from the external environment, in this case the active vacuum), (4) power itself and its load(s) simultaneously (all the energy is freely received from the external environment, in this case the active vacuum), and (5) exhibit negentropy.
That our normal EM power systems do not exhibit COP>1.0 is purely a matter of the arbitrary design of the systems. They are all designed with closed current loop circuits, which can readily be shown to apply the Lorentz symmetrical regauging condition during their excitation discharge in the load. Hence all such systems—so long as the current in the loop is unitary (its charge carriers have the same m/q ratio)—can only exhibit COP<1.0 for a system with internal losses, or COP = 1.0 for a superconductive system with no internal losses.
8. Editorial, "The transfer of energy," The Electrician, Vol. 27, July 10, 1891, p. 270-272. This editorial points out that Poynting himself gave Heaviside priority for discovering EM energy flow through space.
9. J. H. Poynting, "On the transfer of energy in the electromagnetic field," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., Vol. 175, Part II, 1885, p. 343-361. Poynting got the direction of the flow wrong, which was later corrected by Heaviside. Further, Poynting considered only that very minor component of energy flow surrounding the circuit that actually strikes the circuit and enters it to power it. The enormous additional energy flow which is present but misses the circuit entirely and is usually wasted, was not considered by Poynting at all.
10. Oliver Heaviside, "On the Forces, Stresses, and Fluxes of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 183A, 1893, p. 423-480. This followed previous publications several years earlier by Heaviside; e.g. in The Electrician, beginning in 1885. Here Heaviside also credits Poynting with first discovering EM energy flow in space.
11. Oliver Heaviside, Electrical Papers, Vol. 2, 1887, p. 94. Quoting: "It [the energy transfer flow] takes place, in the vicinity of the wire, very nearly parallel to it, with a slight slope towards the wire... . Prof. Poynting, on the other hand, holds a different view, representing the transfer as nearly perpendicular to a wire, i.e., with a slight departure from the vertical. This difference of a quadrant can, I think, only arise from what seems to be a misconception on his part as to the nature of the electric field in the vicinity of a wire supporting electric current. The lines of electric force are nearly perpendicular to the wire. The departure from perpendicularity is usually so small that I have sometimes spoken of them as being perpendicular to it, as they practically are, before I recognized the great physical importance of the slight departure. It causes the convergence of energy into the wire.
12. Sir Horace Lamb, Hydrodynamics, 1879, p. 210. Quoting: "There is an exact correspondence between the analytical relations above developed and certain formulae in Electro-magnetism... Hence, the vortex-filaments correspond to electric circuits, the strengths of the vortices to the strengths of the currents in these circuits, sources and sinks to positive and negative poles, and finally, fluid velocity to magnetic force."
13. Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory," Physical Review, Second Series, 115(3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 485-491. Quoting, p. 485: "...contrary to the conclusions of classical mechanics, there exist effects of potentials on charged particles, even in the region where all the fields (and therefore the forces on the particles) vanish." Indeed, since the field is usually defined as the force per unit charge, then the field as defined does not exist until after the causative "field as a separate entity" interacts with a charged mass. Hence the field as defined is an effect, never the cause. Further, being an effect and an observable as defined, it does not exist in spacetime as such, since no observable does. A priori., any observable is the output (effect) of a ?/?t operation upon LLLT, yielding an LLL "frozen snapshot" at an instant in time, which snapshot itself does not exist in time but was only a 3-space fragment of what was existing in the ongoing interaction at that point in time. The field-free 4-potential, together with its structure and its dynamics, provides the causes existing in spacetime prior to their interaction with intermediaries to produce effects.
14. Ingram Bloch and Horace Crater, "Lorentz-Invariant Potentials and the Nonrelativistic Limit," American Journal of Physics, Vol. 49, No. 1, Jan. 1981 Quoting p. 67: "[It is usually] "...assumed that the magnitude of potential energy is irrelevant, being arbitrary to the extent of an additive constant." Our comment: Note that this "standard" assumption in classical electrodynamics is totally wrong, particularly when one considers (1) conservation of energy, and (2) gravitational effects. We have previously nominated this arbitrarily discarded extra potential energy as a solution to the "dark matter" problem in astrophysics, and as being responsible for the extra gravity holding together the arms of the distant spiral galaxies. See T. E. Bearden, "Dark Matter or Dark Energy?", Journal of New Energy, 4(4), Spring 2000, p. 4-11. This paper is also carried on U.S. Department of Energy website http://www.ott.doe/electromagnetic/papersbooks.html.
15. S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The Quantum Effects of Electromagnetic Fluxes," Reviews of Modern Physics, 57(2), Apr. 1985, p. 339-436. Full discussion of the Aharonov-Bohm effect and hundreds of references. According to Nobelist Feynman, it required 25 years for quantum physicists to clearly face the Aharonov-Bohm issue of the primacy and separate action of the force-field-free potential. It has then required another equal period before physicists would accept it, even though it was experimentally demonstrated as early as 1960.
16. T. D. Lee., Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory, Harwood, New York, 1981. A discussion by Nobelist Lee of particle physics and its findings, including broken symmetry which includes the broken symmetry of a dipole. Quoting p. 184: "... the discoveries made in 1957 established not only right-left asymmetry, but also the asymmetry of the positive and negative signs of electric charge. In the standard nomenclature, right-left asymmetry is referred to as P violation, or parity nonconservation. The asymmetry between opposite signs of electric charge is called C violation, or charge conjugation violation, or sometimes particle-antiparticle asymmetry." And again, p. 184: "Since non-observables imply symmetry, these discoveries of asymmetry must imply observables." Simply put, Lee has pointed out the rigorous basis for asserting that the arbitrarily assumed Lorentz symmetry of the Maxwellian system is broken by the source dipole—and in fact by any dipole. In turn, such broken symmetry in the dipole's energetic exchange with the active vacuum is thus well-known in particle physics, but still is not included at all in classical electrodynamics, particularly the models used to design and build EM power systems. The proven dipole broken symmetry rigorously means that part of the dipole's received virtual energy— continuously absorbed by the dipole charges from the active vacuum—is transduced into observable energy and re-emitted in real (observable) energy form. That this has been well-known in particle physics for nearly a half century, but is still missing from the classical EM model, is scientifically inexplicable and a foundations error of monumental magnitude. Once made, it is the source dipole that powers the circuit.
17. I. Prigogine, "Irreversibility as a symmetry-breaking process," Nature, Vol. 246, Nov. 9, 1973, p. 67-71. Quoting, p. 70: "Entropy ...cannot in general be expressed in terms of observables such as temperature and density. This is only possible in the neighbourhood of equilibrium... It is only then that both entropy and entropy production acquire a macroscopic meaning." Prigogine received a Nobel Prize in 1977 for his contributions to the thermodynamics of open systems, particularly with respect to open dissipative systems. What he is pointing out here is that, where equilibrium (and hence symmetry) is broken, the usual presumption of entropy and entropic production have no macroscopic meaning. For such systems, the often encountered challenge on classical equilibrium thermodynamics grounds is a non sequitur, and merely reveals the scientific ignorance of the challenger. In short, such a challenger would decry the windmill in the wind, denying that it can turn without the operator cranking it, because classical equilibrium thermodynamics forbids it. However, the windmill turns happily in the wind, without operator input at all, and in total violation of equilibrium thermodynamics because the windmill is not in equilibrium with its active environment, the active atmosphere. At the same time the windmill completely complies with the thermodynamics of open systems far from equilibrium, and energy conservation is rigorously obeyed. The windmill can "power itself and its load" since all the energy to power the windmill and power the load comes from the energy freely input by the wind.
It is usually not realized that Maxwell's equations are purely hydrodynamic equations and fluid mechanics rigorously applies {12}. Anything a fluid system can do, a Maxwellian system is permitted to do, a priori. So "electrical energy winds" and "electrical windmills" are indeed permitted {1, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41} in the Maxwell-Heaviside model, prior to Lorentz's regauging of the equations to select only that subset of systems which can have no net "electrical energy wind" from the vacuum. Specifically, this arbitrary Lorentz symmetrical regauging—while indeed simplifying the resulting equations and making them much easier to solve—also arbitrarily discards all Maxwellian systems not in equilibrium with their active environment (the active vacuum). In short, it chooses only those Maxwellian systems which never have any net "electrical energy wind from the vacuum". Putting it simply, it discards that entire set of Maxwellian systems which interact with energy winds in their surrounding active vacuum environment.
18. G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine, Exploring Complexity, Piper, Munich, 1987. A technical exposition of the thermodynamics of dissipative systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
19. Gregoire Nicolis, "Physics of far-from-equilibrium systems and self-organization," Chapter 11 in Paul Davies, Ed., The New Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989, p. 316-347. A good overview of the thermodynamics of dissipative systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
20. Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 217. When a system departs from equilibrium conditions, its entropy must decrease. Thus the energy of an open system not in equilibrium must always be greater than the energy of the same system when it is closed or in equilibrium, since the equilibrium state is the state of maximum entropy. Thus, broken
3-equilibrium is a broken 3-symmetry between the active vacuum and material systems, and it is a negentropic operation.
21. J. O'M Bockris, "Overpotential: a lacuna in scientific knowledge," Journal of Chemical Education, 48(6), June 1971, p. 352-358. Essentially the overpotential is a shift in the Fermi level necessary to allow the electron in the electrode metal to have energies overlapping with vacant acceptor levels in molecules adjacent to the electrode in the solution. It enables the transfer of electrons via quantum transfer (tunneling). Quoting p. 356: "Unless a system exhibits an overpotential, there can be no net reaction." [Emphasis in original]. We point out that an overpotential is an advantageous regauging (free change) of the potential energy of the local region where the overpotential appears.
22. T. E. Bearden, "On Extracting Electromagnetic Energy from the Vacuum," IC-2000 Proceedings, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2000 (in press). This paper is also published on Department of Energy website http ://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/papersbooks. .tml
23. We define a negative resistor as any component or function or process that receives energy in unusable or disordered form and outputs that energy in usable, ordered form, where that is the net function performed. We specifically do not include "differential" negative resistors such as the tunnel diode, thyristor, and magnetron which dissipate and disorder more energy overall than they reorder in their "negative resistance" regimes.
24. T. E. Bearden, "Dark Matter or Dark Energy?", Journal of New Energy, 4(4), Spring 2000, p.
4-11. This paper is also carried on the aforementioned and listed U.S. Department of Energy website http://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/papersbooks.html.
25. T. E. Bearden, "The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly," Association of Distinguished American Scientists' Position Paper. This paper is also carried on Department of Energy website http://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/papersbooks.html.
26. T. E. Bearden, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," IC-2000 Proceedings, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2000 (in press). This paper is also carried on Department of Energy website http://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/papersbooks.html.
27. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking as the Source of the Electromagnetic Field," accepted by Foundations of Physics Letters (in press).
28. T. E. Bearden, "Extracting and Using Electromagnetic Energy from the Active Vacuum," in M.W. Evans (ed.), Contemporary Optics and Electrodynamics, Wylie, 29001, 3 Vols. (in press), comprising a Special Topic issue as vol. 114, I. Prigogine and S. A. Rice (series eds.), Advances in Chemical Physics, Wylie, ongoing.
29. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "On Whittaker's Representation of the Classical Electromagnetic Field in Vacuo, Part II: Potentials Without Fields," submitted to Foundations of Physics, 2000 (in review).
30. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "On Whittaker's F and G Fluxes, Part III: The Existence of Physical Longitudinal and Timelike Photons," Journal of New Energy, 4(3), Special Issue, Winter 1999, p. 68-71.
31. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Classical Electrodynamics Without the Lorentz Condition: Extracting Energy from the Vacuum," Physica Scripta, 61(5), may 2000, p. 513-517.
32. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Vacuum Energy flow and Poynting Theorem from Topology and Gauge Theory," submitted to Physica Scripta, 2000 (in review).
33. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "The Effect of Vacuum Energy on the Atomic Spectra," Foundations of Physics Letters, 13(3), June 2000, p. 289-296.
34. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Operator Derivation of the Gauge Invariant Proca and Lehnert Equations: Elimination of the Lorenz Condition," Foundations of Physics, 39(7), 2000, p. 1123 (in press).
35. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al, "Energy Inherent in the Pure Gauge Vacuum," submitted to Physica Scripta, 2000 (in review).
36. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Electromagnetic Energy from Curved Space-Time," submitted to Optik, 2000 (in review).
37. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "Energy from the Vacuum," submitted to Physics Scripta, 2000 (in review).
38. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al., "The Aharonov-Bohm Effect as the Basis of Electromagnetic Energy Inherent in the Vacuum," submitted to Optik, 2000 (in review).
39. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al, "Longitudinal Modes in Vacuo of the Electromagnetic Field in Riemannian Spacetime," submitted to Optik, 2000 (in review).
40. M. W. Evans, P. K. Anastasovski, T. E. Bearden et al, "O(3) Electrodynamics from the Irreducible Representations of the Einstein Group," submitted to Optik, 2000 (in review).
41. "O(3) Electrodynamics," a review of 250 pages in M. W. Evans (Ed.), Contemporary Optics and Electrodynamics, a special topical issue of I. Prigogine and S. A. Rice (series Eds.), Advances in Chemical Physics, Wiley, New York, 2001, vol. 114(2) (in press), preprint of sections available on U.S. DOE website http://www.ott.doe.gov/electromagnetic/.
42. M. W. Evans, precise statement on the importance and implications of O(3) electrodynamics as a special subset of Sachs' unified field theory, 2000. Quoting: "With respect to O(3): In 1992 it was shown (Physica B, 192, 227, 237 (1992)) that there exists a longitudinal component of free space electromagnetism, a component which is phaseless and propagates with the transverse components. Later this was developed into a Yang-Mills theory of electromagnetism with O(3) Lagrangian symmetry. This theory is homomorphic with Barrett's SU(2) electrodynamics and has far reaching implications in field theory in general. Recently it has been recognized to be a sub theory of the Sachs theory of electromagnetism, based on the irreducible representations of the Einstein group of general relativity. The Sachs theory produces a non-Abelian structure for the electromagnetic field tensor. The O(3) electromagnetism also has implications for the potential ability of extracting energy from the vacuum, and its topological implications are currently being investigated by Ranada. The O(3) electromagnetism has been tested extensively against empirical data, and succeeds in describing interferometric effects and physical optical effects where the conventional Maxwell Heaviside theory fails. Implicit in both the O(3) and Sachs theories of electromagnetism is the ability to extract electromagnetic energy from curved space-time."
43. M. W. Evans and T. E. Bearden, "The Most General Form of the Vector Potential in Electrodynamics," submitted to Optik, 2000 (in review).
44. Fragments of Science: Festschrift for Mendel Sachs, Michael Ram (Ed.), World Scientific, Singapore, 1999.
45. Mendel Sachs, General Relativity and Matter, Reidel, 1982. Provides a great generalization of general relativity and electrodynamics reaching from the quarks and gluons to the entire universe. O(3) electrodynamics forms a very important subset of Sachs' theory, which means that general relativistic effects such as curved spacetime and EM energy from the curved spacetime vacuum can be engineered electromagnetically. The present invention does engineer curved spacetime to obtain excess energy from the active vacuum.
46. Mendel Sachs, "Relativistic Implications of Electromagnetic Field Theory," in T. W. Barrett and D. M. Grimes, eds., Advanced Electromagnetism, World Scientific, 1995, p. 551.
47. A. A. Logunov and Yu. M. Loskutov, "Nonuniqueness of the predictions of the general theory of relativity," Sov. J. Part. Nucl., 18(3), May-June 1987, p. 179-187.
48. D. Hilbert, Gottingen Nachrichten, Vol. 4, 1917, p. 21. Quoting: "Iassert... that for the general theory of relativity, i.e., in the case of general invariance of the Hamiltonian function, energy equations... corresponding to the energy equations in orthogonally invariant theories do not exist at all. I could even take this circumstance as the characteristic feature of the general theory of relativity." As Logunov and Loskutov pointed out, unfortunately this remark of Hilbert was evidently not understood by his contemporaries, since neither Einstein himself nor other physicists recognized the fact that in general relativity conservation laws for energy, momentum, and angular momentum are in principle impossible.
49. Henning F. Harmuth, "Extensions of Ohm's Law to Electric and Magnetic Dipole Currents," in Advanced Electromagnetism: Foundations, Theory and Applications, Eds. Terence W. Barrett and Dale M. Grimes, World Scientific, Singapore, 1995, p. 506-540.
50. J. R. Reitz, F. J. Milford, and R. W. Christy, "Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1980. For one thing, this book gives a thorough discussion of dipole currents, which is not covered well in most texts.
51. H. A. Lorentz, Vorlesungen über Theoretische Physik an der Universität Leiden, Vol. V, Die Maxwellsche Theorie (1900-1902), Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M.B.H., Leipzig, 1931, "Die Energie im elektromagnetischen Feld," p. 179-186. Figure 25 on p. 185 shows the Lorentz concept of integrating the Poynting vector around a closed cylindrical surface surrounding a volumetric element. This is the procedure which arbitrarily selects only a small component of the energy flow associated with a circuit—specifically, the small Poynting component striking the surface charges and being diverged into the circuit to power it—and then treats that tiny component as the "entire" Poynting energy flow. Thereby Lorentz arbitrarily discarded all the vast Heaviside energy transport component which does not strike the circuit at all, and is just wasted.
52. Raymond C. Gelinas, "Apparatus and Method for Demodulation of a Modulated Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Field," U.S. Patent No. 4,429,280, Jan. 31, 1984; — "Apparatus and method for Modulation of a Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Field." U.S. Patent No. 4,429,288, Jan. 31, 1984; — "Apparatus and Method for Transfer of Information by Means of a Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Field." U.S. Patent No. 4,432,098, Feb. 14, 1984; — "Apparatus and Method for Determination of a Receiving Device Relative to a Transmitting Device Utilizing a Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Field." U.S. Patent No. 4,447,779, May 8. 1984; — "Apparatus and Method for Distance Determination Between a Receiving Device and a Transmitting Device Utilizing a Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Field," U.S. Patent No. 4,605,897, 12 Aug 1986; — "Josephson Junction Interferometer Device for Detection of Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Fields," U.S. Patent No. 4,491,795, 1 Jan 1985. All these Gelinas patents are assigned to Honeywell. All deal with communications, have no application to electrical power systems, do not use additional EM energy extracted from a permanent magnet and replenished by the vacuum, do not use curved local spacetime, do not use the giant negentropy process, do not function as open systems far from equilibrium in their vacuum exchange, symmetrically regauge themselves so that their excitation discharge is symmetrical and not asymmetrical, and produce only C0P<1.0.
53. John D. Kraus, Electromagnetics, Fourth Edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992. Figure 1260, a and b, p. 578 shows a good drawing of the huge Poynting energy flow filling all space around the conductors, with almost all of it not intercepted, not diverged into the circuit, but just "wasted."
54. Daniel C. Cole and Harold E. Puthoff, "Extracting Energy and Heat from the Vacuum," Physical Review E, 48(2), Aug. 1993, p. 1562-1565. Proves rigorously that there are no thermodynamics prohibitions against extracting and using energy from the active vacuum.
55. Ludvig Valentin Lorenz, "On the identity of the vibrations of light with electrical currents," Phil. Mag., Vol. 34, 1867, p. 287-301. In this paper Lorenz gave essentially what today is called the Lorentz symmetrical regauging.
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